The convergence of optical metro networks and access networks extends the area of network coverage, and therefore requires the use of optical amplifiers.
A class of highly efficient multipass amplifiers which use a double confocal geometry to achieve flexible amplifier design are described.
In this paper we discuss amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) generated in Raman amplifiers that are counter-pumped with trains of pulses.
In this paper we discuss amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) generated in Raman amplifiers that are counter-pumped with trains of pulses.
The transient and steady-state power dynamics in optically transparent wavelength division multiplexed mesh networks are studied for different amplifier types using both experiment and simulation.
Over the past decade transmission systems have evolved from simple point-to-point architectures with a few amplified spans into continental scale transparently coupled mesh networks.
We study amplifier-less transmission at 400 Gb/s over 80 km with coherent detection.
We present the amplifier technologies, based on high-order Raman amplification, that are currently used in unrepeatered systems.
When an in-line semiconductor laser amplifier is used to amplify several channels simultaneously, it can induce interchannel crosstalk if the amplifier gain is channel dependent.
We show that the chirp from cross-phase-modulation (XPM) dominates the operation of fiber Raman lasers (FRL).
